Types of Software Licenses

1. Proprietary License (Closed Source)

   • The software is owned by a company or an individual.

   • Users must purchase or obtain permission to use it.

   • Modification and redistribution are usually prohibited.

   • Example: Microsoft Windows, Adobe Photoshop.

2. Open Source License

   • The source code is publicly available.

   • Users can modify, distribute, and use the software under specified conditions.

   • Example: Linux, Apache, MySQL.

3. Freeware

   • The software is free to use but usually retains copyright.

   • It may have restrictions on modification or redistribution.

   • Example: Google Chrome, Skype.

4. Shareware

   • Users can try the software for free for a limited time.

   • After the trial period, they must purchase a full license.

   • Example: WinRAR.

5. Copyleft License

   • Requires that any modified versions must also be distributed under the same terms.

   • Example: GNU General Public License (GPL).

6. Perpetual vs. Subscription License

   • Perpetual License: One-time purchase with indefinite use. (Example: Old versions of Microsoft Office)

   • Subscription License: Users pay regularly (monthly/yearly) for continued access. (Example: Office 365, Adobe Creative Cloud)

🔹 Examples of "Mode" in Software

1. Debug Mode (For Developers)

• Used to troubleshoot errors in an application.

• Example: Running an app in debug mode in Visual Studio to step through the code.

2. Dark Mode (User Interface)

• Changes the UI background to dark colors.

• Example: Dark mode in Windows, macOS, and mobile apps.

3. Safe Mode (System Recovery)

• Boots with minimal drivers and settings to fix issues.

• Example: Windows Safe Mode is used to troubleshoot startup problems.

4. Incognito Mode (Security & Privacy)

• Prevents browsers from saving history or cookies.

• Example: Google Chrome Incognito Mode.

Types of Features

1. Core Features – Essential functionalities that define the primary purpose of the software.

   • Example: Sending and receiving messages in WhatsApp.

2. Advanced Features – Additional functionalities that enhance user experience.

   • Example: End-to-end encryption in WhatsApp.

3. UI/UX Features – Features that improve usability and design.

   • Example: Dark mode, drag-and-drop functionality.

4. Performance Features – Enhancements related to speed, efficiency, and optimization.

   • Example: Faster page load times in a web browser.

5. Security Features – Protect user data and ensure privacy.

   • Example: Two-factor authentication in Google accounts.

6. Integration Features – Allow software to connect with other tools or platforms.

   • Example: Google Drive integration in Slack.

7. Customization Features – Enable users to personalize the software.

   • Example: Custom themes in Windows OS.

How Features Are Managed in Software Development

• Feature Requests – Users or stakeholders suggest new features.

• Feature Prioritization – Product managers decide which features to develop first.

• Feature Development – Engineers implement and test the features.

• Feature Releases – New features are rolled out in updates.

1. End-Developer (End-Dev as a Short Form)

• If "End-Dev" stands for End-Developer, it might refer to a developer working on the final stages of a software project.

• This could involve deployment, maintenance, or user-facing features.

• Example: "The End-Dev team ensures the product is production-ready."

2. End-to-End Development (End-Dev as an Abbreviation)

• End-to-End Development refers to the complete software development lifecycle, from planning to deployment.

• It covers all aspects, including front end, backend, databases, and deployment.

• Example: "Our End-Dev process includes both UI/UX and backend integration."

🔹 Common Types of Events

🔹 Common Uses of "Redeem"

1️⃣ Redeem Points or Rewards

• Use loyalty points to get discounts, free items, or services.

• Example: "You can redeem 500 points for a $10 gift card."

2️⃣ Redeem Vouchers or Coupons

• Convert a promo code or gift card into discounts or products.

• Example: "Enter this code to redeem a 20% discount on your next order."

3️⃣ Redeem Digital Codes

• Claim a digital product using a unique code.

• Example: "You can redeem your Xbox Game Pass code to activate your subscription."

4️⃣ Redeem Bonds or Investments

• Cash out financial securities like bonds or stocks.

• Example: "Investors can redeem their bonds after five years for the full value."

🔹 Example Sentences

✔ "I redeemed my airline miles for a free flight." ✔ "You can redeem this gift card at any store location." ✔ "He worked hard to redeem his reputation after the scandal."

🔹 Types of Roles in Different Contexts

1️⃣ Roles in IT & Software Security (RBAC)

In Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), roles determine what a user can and cannot do in a system. 📌 Example:

• Admin → Full access (create, edit, and delete users).

• Editor → Can create and edit content but not delete.

• Viewer → Can only read content.

2️⃣ Roles in Organizations

In businesses, roles define job functions and responsibilities. 📌 Example:

• HR Manager → Manages employee records.

• Sales Executive → Handled customer interactions.

• IT Support → Maintains technical infrastructure.

3️⃣ Roles in Software Development

Roles help manage access to databases, applications, and programming systems. 📌 Example:

• Database Administrator (DBA) → Manages database access.

• Frontend Developer → Works on user interfaces.

• Backend Developer → Handles server-side logic.

4️⃣ Roles in Cloud & SaaS Applications

Cloud services (AWS, Azure, Google Cloud) use roles for access control. 📌 Example:

• IAM Role in AWS → Defines permissions for cloud resources.

• Service Account Role in Google Cloud → Grants API access to applications.

🔹 Why Use Roles?

✔ Security: Restricts unauthorized access. ✔ Efficiency: It simplifies permission management. ✔ Scalability: Easier to manage access for growing teams.

🔹 Key Takeaways

🔹 Role = A defined set of permissions or responsibilities. 🔹 Used in RBAC, IT security, business, cloud, and development. 🔹 Helps with access control, security, and organization management.

Software Products

• Basic Package: Includes only essential features.

• Pro Package: Includes extra advanced features.

• Enterprise Package: Includes all features with additional support and customization.

1. Types of Pricing Models in Software

A. One-Time Purchase (Perpetual License)

• Pay once and own the software indefinitely.

• Example: Older versions of Microsoft Office, such as Adobe Photoshop (before the subscription model).

B. Subscription-Based Pricing (Recurring Payments)

• Users pay monthly, quarterly, or annually to access the software.

• Examples: Microsoft 365, Netflix, AWS.

C. Freemium (Free + Premium Features)

• The basic version is free, but premium features require payment.

• Example: Spotify, Zoom, Trello.

D. Pay-As-You-Go (Usage-Based Pricing)

• Customers pay based on usage (e.g., per API call, per GB of storage).

• Examples: AWS, Google Cloud.

E. Tiered Pricing

• Different price levels based on features or usage limits.

• Example:

  • Basic Plan – $10/month (limited features).

  • Pro Plan – $30/month (advanced features).

  • Enterprise Plan – Custom pricing (full features & support).

F. Lifetime Deals

• A one-time payment for lifetime access (usually for early adopters).

• Example: Some SaaS startups offer lifetime deals on platforms like AppSumo.

2. Factors That Affect Price

• Features & Functionality – More features = higher price.

• Competitor Pricing – Prices are set based on market competition.

• Target Audience – B2B software tends to be more expensive than B2C.

• Cost of Development & Maintenance – Infrastructure, support, updates.

• Geographical Pricing – Some companies adjust pricing based on region.

🔹 Key Components of an Invoice

🔹 Example of an Invoice

yamlCopyEditINVOICE #12345
Date: 2025-03-06

From:  
Tech Solutions Ltd.  
123 Business St, City, Country  
Email: [email protected]  

To:  
John Doe  
456 Customer Rd, City, Country  

Description:  
-------------------------------------------------  
1x Website Development Service - $1000  
2x Monthly Hosting Plan - $50 each  
-------------------------------------------------  
Subtotal: $1100  
Tax (10%): $110  
Total Due: $1210  

Payment Due By: 2025-03-20  
Payment Method: Bank Transfer / PayPal  

🔹 Types of Invoices

🔹 Why Are Invoices Important?

✅ Legal proof of transaction ✅ Tracks business revenue ✅ Helps in tax compliance ✅ Manages accounts receivable

🔹 Types of Issues in Help Desk Support

🔹 Issue Lifecycle in Help Desk

1. Issue Reported – User submits a ticket via email, chat, or helpdesk portal.

2. Ticket Created – System logs the issue and assigns a unique ID.

3. Issue Categorized & Prioritized – Based on urgency and impact.

4. Troubleshooting & Resolution – Support team investigates and resolves the issue.

5. Issue Closed – User confirms the problem is fixed, and the ticket is closed.

6. Follow-up (if needed) – For unresolved or recurring issues.

🔹 Example of an Issue Ticket

vbnetCopyEditTicket ID: #45678  
Date: 2025-03-06  
User: John Doe ([email protected])  
Issue Type: Login Issue  
Priority: High  
Description: Unable to log in to my email account. Error message: "Invalid Credentials."  
Status: Open  
Assigned To: IT Support Team  
Resolution: Password reset initiated, awaiting user confirmation.  

🔹 Why Is Issue Management Important?

✅ Ensures quick problem resolution ✅ Improves customer satisfaction ✅ Helps track and analyze recurring issues ✅ Maintains efficient IT operations

🎯 Conclusion

🔹 An issue in help desk support is any problem or request that a user reports. 🔹 It follows a structured ticketing system for tracking and resolution. 🔹 Effective issue management enhances customer experience and system reliability.

🔹 Types of Devices

🔹 Key Roles of a Software Distributor

🔹 Types of Software Distributors

🔹 Software Distributor vs. Software Reseller

🔹 Why Use a Software Distributor?

✅ Wider Market Reach – Vendors can sell their software globally without direct involvement. ✅ Reduced Operational Costs – Distributors handle sales, support, and licensing. ✅ Expertise & Support – Businesses get professional help for integration and troubleshooting. ✅ Compliance & Licensing Management – Distributors ensure proper legal distribution of software.

🎯 Conclusion

🔹 A software distributor is an intermediary that sells and manages vendor software licenses. 🔹 They provide sales, support, and value-added services for businesses and resellers. 🔹 Common types include retail, cloud, enterprise, and value-added distributors.

🔹 Types of Schedulers in Software

1️⃣ CPU Scheduler (Process Scheduler) 🖥️

✔ Found in operating systems, it decides which process gets CPU time. ✔ Uses scheduling algorithms like FCFS, Round Robin, Priority Scheduling. 📌 Example: Windows Task Manager schedules processes efficiently.

2️⃣ Job Scheduler 📅

✔ Handles scheduled batch jobs, reports, and automated workflows. ✔ Used in enterprise IT systems, cloud platforms, and databases. 📌 Example: Cron Jobs in Linux, Windows Task Scheduler, Jenkins for CI/CD.

3️⃣ Task Scheduler 📋

✔ Manages background tasks within applications. ✔ Often used for automated backups, email notifications, and recurring tasks. 📌 Example: A task scheduler in a web app sends daily reports at midnight.

4️⃣ Database Query Scheduler 📊

✔ Optimizes query execution time by scheduling database operations efficiently. 📌 Example: MySQL event scheduler runs stored procedures at scheduled times.

5️⃣ Cloud & Container Orchestration Scheduler ☁️

✔ Schedules cloud-based workloads, container deployments, and microservices. 📌 Example: Kubernetes Scheduler assigns pods to nodes.

🔹 Why is Scheduling Important?

✔ Efficiency: Ensures optimal use of system resources (CPU, memory). ✔ Automation: Reduces manual intervention in running repetitive tasks. ✔ Performance: Prevents overload and improves system responsiveness. ✔ Scalability: Helps manage tasks across distributed systems.

🔹 Key Takeaways

🔹 A scheduler manages task execution in software & systems. 🔹 Used in OS, cloud computing, databases, automation, and DevOps. 🔹 It ensures efficiency, automation, and resource management.

🔹 How does soft delete work?

1️⃣ Instead of deleting a record, a "deleted" flag (e.g., is_deleted = TRUE) is set. 2️⃣ The data remains in the database but is hidden from normal queries. 3️⃣ If needed, the record can be restored by changing the flag.

📌 Example (SQL Soft-Delete)

Instead of deleting the row, it marks it as deleted.

📌 Restoring a Soft-Deleted Record

🔹 Soft-Delete vs. Hard-Delete

🔹 When to use soft delete

✔ When data recovery is needed (e.g., user accounts, transactions). ✔ For auditing and logging (e.g., keeping a history of deleted records). ✔ To prevent accidental data loss in applications.

🔹 When to Use Hard-Delete?

✔ When storage is a concern and data is no longer needed. ✔ For compliance reasons where data must be completely removed. ✔ For temporary data that does not need recovery.

🔹 Soft-Delete in Frameworks

• Django ORM: soft_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False)

• Laravel Eloquent: use SoftDeletes;

• MongoDB: { "is_deleted": true }

🔹 Key Takeaways

🔹 Soft-delete marks data as deleted instead of removing it. 🔹 Allows recovery and auditing and prevents data loss. 🔹 Used in databases, SaaS applications, and enterprise systems.

Common Subscription Types by Duration

1. Short-Term Subscriptions

   • 7 days (weekly)

   • 30 days (monthly)

   • 90 days (quarterly)

2. Long-Term Subscriptions

   • 6-month (semi-annual)

   • 1-year (annual)

   • Lifetime (one-time payment for permanent access)

Subscription Renewal Types

• Auto-Renewal: Automatically renews after 90 days unless canceled.

• Manual Renewal: Users must manually renew after 90 days.

• One-Time Access: No renewal, expires after 90 days.

🔹 How a CDN Works

1️⃣ User Requests Content → A visitor accesses a website (e.g., loading an image or video). 2️⃣ CDN Routes Request to Nearest Server → Instead of retrieving data from the origin server (which may be far away), the CDN serves cached content from a nearby edge server. 3️⃣ Faster Load Time → Since data travels a shorter distance, website speed improves and reduces server load.

📌 Example: A user in New York visits a website hosted in Singapore. Without a CDN, the data would travel long distances, causing slow loading. With a CDN, the content is delivered from a CDN server in New York, making the site load much faster.

🔹 Benefits of Using a CDN

🔹 Common CDN Providers

🔹 When Should You Use a CDN?

✅ High-traffic websites that serve users worldwide ✅ Websites with a lot of static content (images, CSS, JavaScript) ✅ Video streaming platforms and media-heavy sites ✅ E-commerce websites that need fast page loads to improve sales ✅ Mobile applications that serve global users

1. Types of Coupons in Software & Subscriptions

A. Discount Coupons

• Offers a percentage or fixed amount off the price.

• Example: "20% off your first month" on a SaaS subscription.

B. Free Trial Coupons

• Provides limited-time free access to a product or service.

• Example: "Get 7 days of premium features for free!"

C. Buy One, Get One (BOGO)

• Users get an extra service or free subscription period.

• Example: "Buy 1 year, get three extra months free!"

D. Referral Coupons

• Users earn discounts or credits by referring others.

• For example, "Invite a friend, and both get $10 off!" (Dropbox, Uber model).

E. Seasonal or Limited-Time Coupons

• Discounts are available during special events (Black Friday, Cyber Monday, New Year).

• Example: "50% off for 3 months – Limited time!"

F.. Loyalty or Retention Coupons

• Special discounts are available for long-term customers or those at risk of canceling.

• Example: "Come back & get 30% off your next renewal!"

🔹 How API Works?

1️⃣ A client (requester) sends a request to an API (e.g., a mobile app requests weather data). 2️⃣ The API processes the request and interacts with the backend system. 3️⃣ The API returns a response with the requested data or action (e.g., weather details in JSON format).

📌 Example of API Request & Response (JSON format)

🔹 Request: A mobile app asks for weather data

httpCopyEditGET /weather?city=NewYork HTTP/1.1
Host: api.weather.com

🔹 Response: The API returns weather details

jsonCopyEdit{
    "city": "New York",
    "temperature": "18°C",
    "condition": "Cloudy"
}

🔹 Types of APIs

1️⃣ Web APIs (Most Common)

✔ Used for communication between web-based services over the internet. ✔ Examples: REST API, SOAP API, GraphQL API.

2️⃣ Library/API Frameworks

✔ APIs within programming libraries (e.g., Pandas API for Python, Java APIs).

3️⃣ Operating System APIs

✔ APIs that allow software to interact with the OS (e.g., Windows API, POSIX API).

4️⃣ Hardware APIs

✔ Allows software to control hardware devices (e.g., Bluetooth API, Camera API).

🔹 Common API Protocols

🔹 Real-World Examples of APIs

✔ Google Maps API – Used by ride-sharing apps (Uber, Lyft) to get location data. ✔ PayPal API / Stripe API – Used for online payments in e-commerce websites. ✔ Twitter API – Allows developers to pull tweets, post updates, and analyze trends.

🔹 API vs. Web Service

🔹 Why Are APIs Important?

✅ Automation – Enables applications to interact without manual input. ✅ Scalability – Allows services to expand by integrating external tools. ✅ Security – Controls access to system functionality using authentication (OAuth, API Keys). ✅ Innovation – Encourages third-party developers to build on top of existing platforms.

🔹 Key Features of Auth0

🔹 How Auth0 Works?

1️⃣ User requests login → Enters credentials (username/password, Google login, etc.). 2️⃣ Auth0 verifies identity → Uses database, social login, or enterprise login. 3️⃣ Access token issued → If successful, Auth0 sends a JWT (JSON Web Token). 4️⃣ Application grants access → User can now access protected resources.

📌 Example: JWT (JSON Web Token) issued by Auth0

jsonCopyEdit{
  "sub": "auth0|123456789",
  "name": "John Doe",
  "role": "admin",
  "iat": 1617187200,
  "exp": 1617190800
}

🔹 Common Authentication Methods in Auth0

🔹 Auth0 vs. Firebase Authentication vs. AWS Cognito

🔹 Why Use Auth0?

✅ Saves Development Time – No need to build authentication from scratch. ✅ Secure & Scalable – Supports MFA, RBAC, OAuth2, JWT. ✅ Works with Any Tech Stack – Supports JavaScript, React, Node.js, Python, etc. ✅ Supports Customization – Custom login pages, rules, hooks, and branding.